Research and inspiration for assignment 16

I love how the theme is so obvious. The "theme" of this poster is America and drugs.
Well there's pills forming the shape of America!

I like the gray background, it makes the colors really stand out.

This poster is very fun to look at with all the colors and pictures. 

I like how this one is set up. Its different which makes it fun! The colors are great too...

Same as the one above it, its not a traditional organizer, its creative and fun.

Early Computers | 1930s- 1980s AD

What is an abacus?


In 1936,  Zuse invented this type of computer?



Example of the 1944 Mark Computer:


In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?


Example of the UNIVAC Computer:


In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom? 



What does UNIVAC stand for?



In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for



What is FORTRAN?



Example of the first mouse:


In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?



What is the significance of ARPnet?



In 1971, Intel introduced this?



Example of _______________:


In the same year, IBM introduced this?



Example of _______________:



In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?


During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the Altair, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each.



In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package?

Photography | 1839-1960s AD

Until the 1880s, how were news stories illustrated?



Engravings or woodcuts!


What is a camera obscura?



A way to observe light, obscura literally means "dark chamber".  It's an optical device that prjects an image of its surroundings onto a screen.


Example of a camera obscura:





























How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure?



In the 13th century, it was used for the safe observation of solar eclipses and the phases of the moon.


From where did the photographic camera develop?



Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from?


Sir John Hershel, the Greek words for light and writing. 


Example of the first photograph:
























Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?



Joseph Niepce!


Example of a Daguerreotype image:

Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?



Louis Daguerre! Disadvantages: expensive, could not be duplicated, and it took 30 minutes to develop. Advantages: you could make the image permanent by immersing it in salt and you could capture memories in less time than before. 


Example of Calotype image:

Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?


William Fox Talbot! Disadvantages: poor quality! Advantages: could be duplicated, better quality than the Daguerreotype process, and you could take more pictures. 


Example of a Wet Caollodion Process image:

Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?



Frederick Scott Archer! Disadvantages: the plates had to be immediately developed, and the equipment had to be portable. Advantages: cheaper than the other processes and images were much sharper.


Example of a Dry Plate Process image:

Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?



Richard Maddox! Disadvantages: too complicated for the public. Advantages: dry images so you didn't have to have so much equipment. 


Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish? 



He invented the roll film, a photographic medium that replaced fragile glass plates with a photo-emulsion coated on paper rolls. (1844)


Example of The Kodak Camera from 1888:

In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public?



He made it simple by having his customers simply take the pictures, send in the camera (with minimal processing fee), they'll develop the images, reload the camera film, & return it back to the owners. 


What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish?



He was known for patenting polarized light filters in 1934 and his invention of instant photography in 1948. He established The Polaroid Corporation!


Example of the first Polaroid camera:






























How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?



It produced and black & white print in 60 seconds!


What was Edward Muybridge known for?



Using multiple cameras to capture motion. 


Example of the Zoopraxiscope:




























What is the Zoopraxiscope?



A device used to project a series of images in a successive phases and motion.


Example of a Muybridge's horse in motion:
























How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion?



He began to experiment using a series of large cameras and placed them in a line, each being triggered by a thread as a horse passed by. He settled the question in 1877. By 1878, after continued the experimentations, he has successfully photographed horse in motion. 


In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this?



A "moving picture" for an audience!


Example of a motion picture projector:






























What is a motion picture projector?


It displaid the "moving picture" on a screen for people to watch!

The Linotype Machine | 1886 AD

Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter?


Christopher Sholes!


What is a "stenographer"?


Someone that uses the typewriter?


Example of Shole's typewriter:

Why did Shole's send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane?


To test the machine


After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine? 


He realized the typewriter only solved half of the problem. It took too long to typeset and copy words.


Who spent a redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?


Ottmar Mergenthaler!


What is meant by "typesetting"?


How fast the type is set on the paper?


Example of the Linotype Machine:































How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?


It allowed type to be set mechanically rather then by hand.


How did this machine change the newspaper industry?


It made production faster! It made it possible for a small number of operators to set type for more pages on a daily basis.


Example of the Linotype Keyboard:

How does the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from the keyboards we use today?


Today we have one alphabet on the keyboard with a shift key to CAPITALIZE, but the Linotype keyboard had 2 alphabets (one capital and one lowercase).


Example of Linotype Slug:























What is a slug?


A line of type that's casted into a single piece.


Example of a person operating a Linotype Machine:































Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advance in printing since movable type?


Because it allowed us to make mass production of newspapers, more communication, faster.

The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD

What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?


He is credited with inventing the technology of printing with moveable type!


Example of the Gutenberg Press:

How did the printing press work?


Hand press: Ink was rolled over the raised surface of moveable hand-set block letters held within a wooden form. Printing press form: wad pressed against a sheet of paper.


What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way in creating books?


His love for reading!


Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus of wood type?


Because the wood would split in the press after repeated use and new blocks had to be carved with each new impression.


Example of movable type in a type case:
























What is movable type?


The system of printing that uses moveable components to reproduce the elements of a documents (usually individual letters and punctuation).


What is a matrix?


A hard metal punch that's been hammered into a softer copper bar.


What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press.


Oil-based ink made from soot, turpentine, and walnut oil.


What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?


Made from wood pulp, China.


What is a "substrate"?






Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened?


John Fust, Fust sued Gutenberg and the judge ruled in favor of Fust. Gutenberg turned over the press, tools, materials, and all 180 Bibles.


What was the first book he printed?


A two-volume Bible!


Example of this book:






















How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?


It perfected script and made it easier to read, books were made faster, information was passed around the world, cost of books decreased allowing more people to buy them, demand grew and the population became more literate, people wanted books written in their own language and a grater variety of books, book trade began to flourish as well as industries such as paper making, economies became stronger, & art and science began to flourish which led to the beginning of the Renaissance.


Who introduce the printing press to England?


William Caxton.


What was the early form of newspapers?


Trade newsletters!


When was the first news weekly published? What is it called?


In 1704, The Boston Letter!


What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s?


Steam powered rotary press?


Example of a 1930s printing press:


By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impressions"?


Which printing process is the Gutenberg Press and example of? Briefly describe the process.


Example of Intaglio Press:


What is Intaglio printing and how is ink transferred?


Example of screen (porous) printing press:


What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?


Example of an offset lithography printing press:


What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?


How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?


Describe four-color process printing using CMYK.

The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript | 1st century AD

Post an example of a scroll.


What were the drawbacks of the scroll?

They only allowed sequential usage.

Post an example of a codex.

What is a codex?

A covered and bound collection of hand-written pages.

"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood," Why?

Because it had compactness and sturdiness.

What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?

Random- one can go to any point to find information.
Sequential- one must go through the scroll to find a certain passage.

What wee the advantages of using the codex?

Easier to organize the libraries.

What helped spread the use of the codex?

The bible.

What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it.

Parchment, made from animal skins. The hair was removed and skin was smoothed out, hide was soaked in water, calcium, flour, and salt were added, skin was stretched out, flattened and dried.

What is a vellum?

Finer qualities of parchment made from cat skins.

Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?

Kindle, iPad, digital books.

What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration?

The decline of the Roman Empire resulted in fewer books being created.

Post and example of an illuminated manuscript.


Who began creating books by hand and taking the creation to an art form?

Monastic Monks.

What does "illumination" refer to? what was included in this ornamentation?

Refers to the borders, illustrations, and ornamentation added to each page of text.

What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?

Natural quill pens.

Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?

Because the work was laborious.

What is craftsmanship? Why was it important?

The skill is an occupation. It is important because these manuscripts were very elegant and needed to be perfect.

The Roman Alphabet | 7th century

What was the basis of the Roman uppercase alphabet?

Latin.

What were the purposes of the formal and informal styles of lettering?

Formal was used for important manuscripts and official documents; informal was used for letters and routine types of writing.

Why is the Roman alphabet the most widely used and what contributions did it make?

Contribution to typeface.

From where did serifs originate?

When they wrote on the stones.

When and where did lowercase, or minuscule, letters develop?

Off the baseline of typography.

What is a ligature and why were they utilized?

It made letters easier to distinguish.

Post an example of the Roman in visual form.

The Greek Alphabet | 800 BC

How did the Greeks come in contact with the Phoenicians?


The adaptation of the letter forms, traveled to Greece.


How did the Greek adaptation of the alphabet differ from its predecessor?


Much less suitable for Greek languages, several of the consonants were adapted as vowels, additional letters were added.


Why is the Greek alphabet considered to be the world's first true alphabet?


It has given rise to many other alphabets including the Latin alphabet.


Name several similarities and differences between the Greek and modern English alphabets?


A lot of the letters are the exact same except for some letters with overall or slight changes.


Example of the Greek alphabet:

The Phoenician Alphabet | 1050 BC

The Phoenician Alphabet is based off of what principle?


One sign represents one spoken sounds!


Describe the shape of the letters and what tool created them.


Angular & straight, stylus.


What two reasons made the Phoenician Alphabet successful?


It was so simple it could be used in other languages & allowed common people to learn how to write. 


What long term effects on the social structures of civilizations did the Phoenicians have with the creation of their alphabet? 


Disintegrated class divisions between royalty and common people!


Example of Phoenician Alphabet:

Assignment 15 brainstorming and research...

I like how the text is set up. The columns look very clean and organized













I love love love the gold! I defiantly want to use gold in my illuminated manuscript

I really like how BIG the initial cap is. It's the center of attention and has so much detail.

I like the colors and the swirls!

I love these colors, they remind me of a peacock!