The Linotype Machine | 1886 AD

Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter?


Christopher Sholes!


What is a "stenographer"?


Someone that uses the typewriter?


Example of Shole's typewriter:

Why did Shole's send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane?


To test the machine


After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine? 


He realized the typewriter only solved half of the problem. It took too long to typeset and copy words.


Who spent a redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?


Ottmar Mergenthaler!


What is meant by "typesetting"?


How fast the type is set on the paper?


Example of the Linotype Machine:































How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?


It allowed type to be set mechanically rather then by hand.


How did this machine change the newspaper industry?


It made production faster! It made it possible for a small number of operators to set type for more pages on a daily basis.


Example of the Linotype Keyboard:

How does the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from the keyboards we use today?


Today we have one alphabet on the keyboard with a shift key to CAPITALIZE, but the Linotype keyboard had 2 alphabets (one capital and one lowercase).


Example of Linotype Slug:























What is a slug?


A line of type that's casted into a single piece.


Example of a person operating a Linotype Machine:































Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advance in printing since movable type?


Because it allowed us to make mass production of newspapers, more communication, faster.

The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD

What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?


He is credited with inventing the technology of printing with moveable type!


Example of the Gutenberg Press:

How did the printing press work?


Hand press: Ink was rolled over the raised surface of moveable hand-set block letters held within a wooden form. Printing press form: wad pressed against a sheet of paper.


What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way in creating books?


His love for reading!


Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus of wood type?


Because the wood would split in the press after repeated use and new blocks had to be carved with each new impression.


Example of movable type in a type case:
























What is movable type?


The system of printing that uses moveable components to reproduce the elements of a documents (usually individual letters and punctuation).


What is a matrix?


A hard metal punch that's been hammered into a softer copper bar.


What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press.


Oil-based ink made from soot, turpentine, and walnut oil.


What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?


Made from wood pulp, China.


What is a "substrate"?






Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened?


John Fust, Fust sued Gutenberg and the judge ruled in favor of Fust. Gutenberg turned over the press, tools, materials, and all 180 Bibles.


What was the first book he printed?


A two-volume Bible!


Example of this book:






















How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?


It perfected script and made it easier to read, books were made faster, information was passed around the world, cost of books decreased allowing more people to buy them, demand grew and the population became more literate, people wanted books written in their own language and a grater variety of books, book trade began to flourish as well as industries such as paper making, economies became stronger, & art and science began to flourish which led to the beginning of the Renaissance.


Who introduce the printing press to England?


William Caxton.


What was the early form of newspapers?


Trade newsletters!


When was the first news weekly published? What is it called?


In 1704, The Boston Letter!


What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s?


Steam powered rotary press?


Example of a 1930s printing press:


By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impressions"?


Which printing process is the Gutenberg Press and example of? Briefly describe the process.


Example of Intaglio Press:


What is Intaglio printing and how is ink transferred?


Example of screen (porous) printing press:


What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?


Example of an offset lithography printing press:


What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?


How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?


Describe four-color process printing using CMYK.

The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript | 1st century AD

Post an example of a scroll.


What were the drawbacks of the scroll?

They only allowed sequential usage.

Post an example of a codex.

What is a codex?

A covered and bound collection of hand-written pages.

"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood," Why?

Because it had compactness and sturdiness.

What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?

Random- one can go to any point to find information.
Sequential- one must go through the scroll to find a certain passage.

What wee the advantages of using the codex?

Easier to organize the libraries.

What helped spread the use of the codex?

The bible.

What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it.

Parchment, made from animal skins. The hair was removed and skin was smoothed out, hide was soaked in water, calcium, flour, and salt were added, skin was stretched out, flattened and dried.

What is a vellum?

Finer qualities of parchment made from cat skins.

Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?

Kindle, iPad, digital books.

What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration?

The decline of the Roman Empire resulted in fewer books being created.

Post and example of an illuminated manuscript.


Who began creating books by hand and taking the creation to an art form?

Monastic Monks.

What does "illumination" refer to? what was included in this ornamentation?

Refers to the borders, illustrations, and ornamentation added to each page of text.

What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?

Natural quill pens.

Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?

Because the work was laborious.

What is craftsmanship? Why was it important?

The skill is an occupation. It is important because these manuscripts were very elegant and needed to be perfect.

The Roman Alphabet | 7th century

What was the basis of the Roman uppercase alphabet?

Latin.

What were the purposes of the formal and informal styles of lettering?

Formal was used for important manuscripts and official documents; informal was used for letters and routine types of writing.

Why is the Roman alphabet the most widely used and what contributions did it make?

Contribution to typeface.

From where did serifs originate?

When they wrote on the stones.

When and where did lowercase, or minuscule, letters develop?

Off the baseline of typography.

What is a ligature and why were they utilized?

It made letters easier to distinguish.

Post an example of the Roman in visual form.

The Greek Alphabet | 800 BC

How did the Greeks come in contact with the Phoenicians?


The adaptation of the letter forms, traveled to Greece.


How did the Greek adaptation of the alphabet differ from its predecessor?


Much less suitable for Greek languages, several of the consonants were adapted as vowels, additional letters were added.


Why is the Greek alphabet considered to be the world's first true alphabet?


It has given rise to many other alphabets including the Latin alphabet.


Name several similarities and differences between the Greek and modern English alphabets?


A lot of the letters are the exact same except for some letters with overall or slight changes.


Example of the Greek alphabet:

The Phoenician Alphabet | 1050 BC

The Phoenician Alphabet is based off of what principle?


One sign represents one spoken sounds!


Describe the shape of the letters and what tool created them.


Angular & straight, stylus.


What two reasons made the Phoenician Alphabet successful?


It was so simple it could be used in other languages & allowed common people to learn how to write. 


What long term effects on the social structures of civilizations did the Phoenicians have with the creation of their alphabet? 


Disintegrated class divisions between royalty and common people!


Example of Phoenician Alphabet:

Assignment 15 brainstorming and research...

I like how the text is set up. The columns look very clean and organized













I love love love the gold! I defiantly want to use gold in my illuminated manuscript

I really like how BIG the initial cap is. It's the center of attention and has so much detail.

I like the colors and the swirls!

I love these colors, they remind me of a peacock!